How to find gold in the wild? Here are the ways!

Gold mine identification

Natural gold minerals are basically not directly recognizable in the wild because they are rarely visible to the naked eye. Therefore, finding gold is basically an indirect means.

The following is a more professional way to find gold, you can give you some reference.

1. First, attention should be paid to silicified zones, quartz veins, and secondary quartzites . This is because gold mineralization is closely related to silicidation. It can be said that no silicon is not gold. Of course, not all siliceous bodies produce gold, but most of the gold-containing siliceous bodies are smoky and have good water color. This is because the gold-containing siliceous bodies all contain more or less sulfides, and because the sulfides are extremely fine, the quartz is smoky. In particular, sheet-like quartz veins (which may contain a plurality of black strips such as a mixture of carbonaceous and fine-grained sulfides) have good gold content. Even less bright gold sulfide quartz veins, when the package to gold, there is often the presence of antimony sulfides such as brightness, bismuthinite, bournonite, arsenopyrite, roe-like lead zinc ore.

2. Focus again on the fractured structural belt, especially the ductile shear zone. Gold mineralization is all related to faults, and it can be said that there is no structure. In particular, pay attention to the ultra-mylonite, mylonite, micro sugar seemed quartzite, magnesite talc schist, they tend to be rich ore body lies. The gold-bearing properties of the giant to large fault zones are often poor, while the secondary secondary fault zones are often the gold ore bodies.

3. The third is to pay attention to the gold-bearing property of the iron cap, maroon, brownish yellow residual slope and carbonate leaching tank deposits. They can not only become iron cap type, laterite type gold mines, but also indicate the search for primary gold mines.

4, to be noted that in the fourth antimony ore, ore mercury, arsenic ore (especially realgar ore, ore orpiment) GOLD region, in terms of antimony, it can constitute a symbiosis with gold antimony gold deposit; also separable, but Not far from each other, there is a saying that "not in it, not leaving it." The peripheral portion of lead-zinc may also be for gold, such as lead-zinc peripheral Qingchengzi; a lower portion of the copper deposit. The copper- nickel sulfide deposit alteration zone is also a good place to find gold.

5, related to the alteration in addition to gold silicide, and iron dolomitization, calcite of iron, chromium of white mica, pyrite phyllic, feldspar of ice, fine-grained pyrite, arsenic, antimony, Low temperature alteration combination of mercury, antimony and antimony mineralization.

6. Focus on the fractured fracture zone and its tectonic alteration zone in basic rock, ultrabasic rock, lamprophyre, alkaline rock, alkaline granitic rock, carbon-silica argillaceous rock, impure carbonate rock .

7. Carry out the work of river heavy sand, ditch system secondary halo and various geochemical methods. It is the most important method for gold search.

8. Find gold according to the indicator element of finding gold. For example, the combination of elements such as mercury, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, selenium , lead, zinc, copper and silver is abnormally gold.

9. Indirectly search for gold deposits by means of geophysical methods to find out the structure of faults and the distribution of sulfides.

Rock gold prospecting method

The ore prospecting methods commonly used in rock gold prospecting work include geological prospecting method, geochemical prospecting method (referred to as geochemical method), geophysical prospecting method (referred to as geophysical method), prospecting engineering method and ore prospecting method. Wait. The current prospecting work is usually a comprehensive application of various prospecting methods. In order to meet the needs and possibilities of township enterprises to find mines, this section will focus on some simple and practical prospecting methods. The prospecting engineering method will be described in conjunction with the evaluation section of the rock gold deposit.

First, the outcrop sign to find mine

The outcrop sign prospecting is to find, trace and study the prospecting signs such as outcrops, ore-bearing turnstones and old mining relics in the work area to achieve the purpose of prospecting. It is suitable for prospecting areas where the bedrock is well exposed (such as mines or mining areas).

(1) Ways and requirements for prospecting for road signs

1. Collect topographic maps or simple topographic maps of the working area. The commonly used scale is 1:10 000 (can also be enlarged by 1:50 000 topographic map) as a field map.

2. The ore-seeking work adopts the route crossing method (section method), and the observation route should be roughly perpendicular to the structural line direction. In principle, the spacing of the routes can be compared with the geological conditions of two adjacent sections. The observation route should be as far as possible along the base. The rock is covered with good ridges and valleys.

3. The rock or ore outcrop encountered during the route crossing shall be hammered with a geological hammer and carefully observed. Pay attention to the special topography, landforms, and ore-bearing turnstones that may occur when prospecting along the valley.

4. It is necessary to rely on and mobilize local people to report and mine.

(2) Work that should be done when encountering the prospecting mark

1. The sign of the dew

(1) The gold content is measured by the "bowl gold method". The "bowl of gold" is a certain amount of test method created by the working people of ancient China, and it is simple and easy. The main tool is a hammer and a thick porcelain bowl with a diameter of about 12-15 cm. It is best to grind the smooth glaze inside the bowl first, requiring no slipperiness. The specific operation is as follows: take a rock (mineral) stone or iron cap sample (about half a fist size) that may contain gold on the outcrop, smash it on a flat large stone and grind it into a powdered stone with a hand hammer. The sample powder is swept into the bowl, stirred in water, rinsed to the sand and fine powder, and washed repeatedly several times until only a small amount of dark gray heavy sand remains in the bowl, then shake the porcelain bowl to make the gold gather in the heavy sand. The center (note that only the amount of water that can be saturated with heavy sand powder is left in the bowl). Then, hold the two toilet bowls with both hands and shake like a donkey. Due to the gravity sorting of water. The gold particles are concentrated above the bowl. If gold is contained, it can be seen at the top tip. If the gold particles are too fine, they can be observed with a magnifying glass.

(2) Collecting outcrop samples and sending them to the laboratory for chemical analysis or spectral analysis. For gold-bearing geological bodies produced by low-gold or fine-grained grains, it is difficult to detect the gold in the "golden bowl method." The iron cap outcrops may also be almost completely detached from some original subway caps due to gold and other metal minerals. It is not possible to wash out the gold minerals from the iron cap. Therefore, it is necessary to take the necessary samples for chemical analysis or spectral analysis. Before sampling, the exposed ore outcrops should be along the direction of the ore-bearing geological bodies, to the sides. Recourse, observation, and understanding of the scale and occurrence of the exposure. Due to the non-uniformity of gold mineralization, in order to obtain a more reliable gold mineralization, the sampling requirements are in the direction of the thickness of the ore belt, according to the upper and middle The lower part is taken separately (available by the block method), and the weight of each sample is about 500-1000g. The direction along the edible belt is 3, 5 rows are taken according to the 40-80m spacing of the exposed cookware.

For oxidized outcrops (such as iron caps), in addition to sampling according to the above requirements, the oxidized zone should be exposed to the original zone by means of a trench or shallow well engineering. Samples of different depths of the oxidized zone and samples of the original zone were collected for analysis and analysis to understand the gold content and the enrichment of gold and related elements.

In recent years, the Armed Police Gold Geology Institute has launched the “WJ-type portable field rapid gold measuring box,” which can determine the gold content of various rocks in a certain amount on site, capture the gold-bearing target, match the sample burning, standard metering, standard color. The order can be quickly quantitatively analyzed, and the lower limit of the grade measurement is at least 0.5 g/t, and the gold content of the rock mineral can be measured in half an hour. It is suitable for field geological prospecting, mine production prospecting and determination of ore grade.

(3) The outcrop sign and the exposed range shall be marked on the topographic map with colored pencils according to the topography and features (can be fixed by the compass), and the observation point number shall be indicated.

(4) Describe the text and record the elements of the birth. Samples should be numbered uniformly, indicating the sampling location.

(5) For large-scale ore-bearing vein belts, according to their strike occurrence, it is speculated that it may extend to the approximate section of the adjacent section to attract the attention of the next step of prospecting and to connect the surface boundary of the corresponding ore-bearing vein zone in the field.

3. Time-bearing turnstone

The ore-bearing turnstone encountered in prospecting often indicates that there may be ore-bearing geological bodies around, and the type of the stone and the metal minerals contained should be carefully observed. According to the surrounding geological and geomorphological conditions, judge the possible source direction of the stone, and carry out the recourse. After the mine outcrop is found, it will work according to the above requirements.

Second, the coverage area prospecting

Use the outcrop sign to find the ore in the prospecting area where the bedrock is poorly exposed and the vegetation is covered with thick soil (such as the residual slope sand deposit mineral area, the possible source area of ​​the gold deposit, and the known gold mining area). It has not worked. In order to narrow the scope of prospecting, directly search for the original gold mine, depending on the terrain conditions and prospecting needs, you can choose the residual slope sand method or soil inlay measurement method. A brief introduction to the field work and requirements of these two prospecting methods is now available.

(1) Residual slope and heavy sand method

The residual sand method is a simple method for low cost, high speed and good effect. It is a mechanical dispersion halo (flow) formed by gold minerals and heavy sand minerals in the residual slope. , and then look for the original gold mine. The enrichment of heavy sand in the residual slope is mainly affected by the topography. The heavy sand on the slope is generally selected in the valley of the valley, the valley or the depression, and the samples are laid in the slope of the hill, while the residual heavy sand is usually selected. Sampling on the surface of the uneven bedrock. Residual-slope heavy sand sampling multi-grid method. Usually used to measure the density of the net. The sampling depth of the residual-slope weight sand is generally 20-50 cm from the humus layer, and the sample weight is about 20 kg. The field is washed with a panning dish to a gray heavy sand (the weight of the sand is not less than 15 g). Bag and dry. Finally, the lime sand samples are consolidated and registered, and the sample samples are sent out and sent to the laboratory for fine identification.

(2) Soil measurement method table

Soil measurement, also known as soil metal measurement, is the search for primary gold deposits by finding metal anomalies (or secondary halos) in the residual slope soil. Soil measurement requires that the line should be oriented in the vertical area. The sampling interval depends on the scale. There is still no uniform standard. Various scale soils are commonly used to measure the netness. The sampling objects measured on the upper soil are the soil layer and the residual slope. It is best to perform a sampling depth test before starting work, and select the most suitable depth sampling. If no sampling test is performed, it is usually passed through the upper layer (humus layer) and sampled in the middle layer (leaching). The sampling depth is about 20-30 cm, and the weight is not less than 200 g. The processing particle size of the field sample is generally 60 mesh or less than 60 mesh, and the nylon sieve is used for sampling. The weight of the sample after processing should be greater than 30g, and the sample is sent to the laboratory for analysis.

Sample analysis of soil measurements. Consideration should be given to the type of work area and the type of deposit that may occur. But Au and Ag are the best indicator elements. They have universal significance. Generally, the Au content in the soil exceeds. 0.01 ppm and an Ag content exceeding 0.7 ppm are called an abnormal zone, and it is possible to find a gold deposit. In addition, according to the prospecting experience in many areas at home and abroad, in addition to Au and Ag, the best indicator elements are As, Sb, Bi, CU, Pb_Zri, etc., while elements such as Co.Ni. Mo and Hg are effective in some areas. In the coverage area, the above method is used for prospecting. For the discovered and delineated anomalies, the general location of the primary gold deposits may be determined according to the scale, shape and distribution characteristics of the anomalies. Then, the trench and the shallow well are exposed and verified to discover and delineate the original gold ore body and find out its distribution characteristics.

3. Mineral ore dressing
(1) Prospecting on the periphery of a gold mine (or gold mining area)

It is known that gold mines (mines) have a high degree of research and accumulated a lot of geological data. They have objective and rational understanding of the characteristics of gold deposits, gold enrichment and prospecting. The analogy can be used to conduct ore prospecting in the mine and its periphery. For example, in the Xiaoqinling area of ​​Henan Province, gold-bearing quartz veins are widely distributed, and gold deposits are continuously discovered through in-depth evaluation of the veins and investigations in the periphery of the mine. It should be mentioned that during the evaluation of the deposit, due to the limited degree of geological work, it is often impossible to obtain a detailed evaluation of all the ore-bearing veins in a certain evaluation area. In particular, some small veins that are considered to be small in scale can only be understood initially. Therefore, for some minerals with extremely uneven gold grade changes and poor mineralization continuity, it is difficult to delineate industrial ore bodies in the rare surface exploration tanks, and there will undoubtedly be leakage. Some small-scale gold-bearing veins, some of which are often rich in gold, constitute a small and rich gold deposit, which is particularly suitable for local small gold mining, which should attract the attention of prospecting. In the long-term mining of gold mines, it is also impossible to ignore further prospecting in the periphery and deep of the mining area. In the mines (areas) and their periphery, it is necessary to pay attention to expand the prospecting area and look for gold mines of a non-simple type. Once the gold mineralization is found, it is necessary to dare to expose the surface, systematically analyze and find out The changing characteristics of gold mineralization are expected to discover new gold deposits.

(2) Prospecting in the areas of ancient mining relics

Ancient mining relics are important signs for expansion. Through further work, they can often achieve good prospecting results.

(3) Looking for associated gold mines and independent gold mines in non-ferrous metal mines and peripheral areas

Gold is often associated with copper, lead and zinc and arsenic, antimony, mercury and other metal deposits, and is recovered as a by-product. Many non-ferrous metal mines at home and abroad have associated gold output and are recovered as by-products, and some associated gold reserves have reached a large scale. Many non-ferrous metal mines have also discovered gold deposits of independent industrial significance or versatile gold-polymetallic deposits. For example, the Woxi River in Xiangxi, which originally mined the antimony ore, has now become a comprehensive Jinyiyi-tungsten mine, a multi-metal mine in the Yangjishan area in northwestern Yunnan, and found the value of the independent mining value of the gold mining as gold mining. Gold and mercury deposits often show a regular distribution in space, or gold and mercury coexist in the same deposit, mercury mineralization occurs in higher parts, or superimposed on gold mineralization. Therefore, by examining non-ferrous metal mines that are currently being mined or stopped, and conducting out-of-surface prospecting, it is often possible to find gold mines of independent industrial significance or comprehensive gold-mercury, gold-one and gold-polymetallic deposits.

(4) Prospecting in the gold-bearing area

For alluvial gold deposits such as riverbeds and terraces, it is necessary to study the combination of gold and its symbiotic heavy sand minerals. Rock gold deposits of different genetic types often form different combinations of heavy sand minerals. For example, common quartz vein type gold deposits, heavy sand minerals are mainly composed of natural gold and gold-containing metal sulfides; gold-silver deposits related to volcanic rocks, their heavy sand mineral combinations often appear silver gold ore, natural gold, argentite, and the like cinnabar and stibnite, gold deposits associated with a group of ultrabasic rocks, often coexist with magnetite, titanium ore, chromite minerals and PGE. Therefore, through the analysis of the symbiotic heavy sand mineral combination of sand gold mine and the analysis of particle size and crystal form, the type and transportation distance of the original gold deposit can be roughly judged. Combining the surrounding geomorphological characteristics and metallogenic geological conditions, the prospecting direction is selected and traced back to the source to discover the original gold deposit.

In the residual slope sand gold production area, it is more promising to find a rock gold deposit because it is not far from the source area.

Gold prospecting method

There are many methods for ore prospecting. There are five commonly used methods: 1 natural heavy sand method, 2 engineering heavy sand method, 3 old mining survey, 4 geological landform analysis, 5 geophysical exploration and aviation new technology method. The first three methods are through sampling survey to find out whether there is gold deposit and directly determine whether or not mineralization is a direct ore prospecting method; the latter two methods mainly through the analysis and evaluation of mineralization conditions, research environment and sediments. Some characteristics, to infer whether it is possible to form ore, is an indirect ore prospecting method, in which geological and geomorphological investigation is the basis of sand gold prospecting analysis. Generally, it is mainly based on geological and geomorphological analysis to determine where to go to find gold deposits and where to place sampling projects. The following are the specific methods for gold prospecting.

First, the natural heavy sand method

The natural heavy sand method is based on the fact that the density (specific gravity) of the gold particles is very large, and can be directly selected by using the panning disc. The surface of the loose debris is deposited or not pitted for sampling, and it is directly determined in the field to determine whether there is A method of gold deposits. Sampling includes heavy sand sampling of river sediments, sampling of outcrop sediments on terraces, and heavy sand sampling of slopes on hillsides. The first two samples can be used to understand the gold content of water sediments, the approximate distribution of gold, and the grade and thickness of the gold layer in the terrace. The sampling in the residual slope of the hillside is used to trace the source of gold in the small ditch mountain area where sand gold is known. By sampling the shallow pit at a certain interval on the slope and slope foot, the sample is washed and washed according to the gold result. The distribution range narrows the rock gold prospecting target area. Among the three types of sampling, the most widely used method is the river natural heavy sand method.

Sampling of natural heavy sands in rivers is generally carried out from the bottom up along the upstream of the water system or along the small and medium-sized valleys containing gold. The advantages are: the tool is simple (as long as a hoe, a panning tray), the sampling workload is small (dig shallow pit 0.3-0.5m deep, sample weight 20-40k g), simple and easy, one can also do, very You can get the gold information at the near surface directly. The disadvantage is: because the sample is taken at a shallow surface, it does not reflect the gold content of the gravel layer in the deep, and the gold is usually concentrated in the lower part of the gravel layer near the bedrock. Therefore, the measurement results of the heavy sand in the near surface are looking for Mines generally have only qualitative significance. The natural heavy sand sampling effect depends on the choice of sampling points and horizons. In the plane, the sampling points should be placed in places where sand gold is enriched, such as the sudden widening of rivers, the convex bank of rivers, the gravel sedimentary area of ​​riverbed shoals, the intersection of main and tributary, and the rock in the riverbed. Above the beach, above the rock, at the beach or at the heart of the beach, in front of the large obstacles in the water flow, the slope of the river bed is steeped and steeped, “close the mountain, above the river valley or in front of the “Yingmen Mountain” accumulation area. In the vertical section direction, the bottom of the gravel layer near the bedrock is the best. In the glutenite area, it should be taken in the riverbed sediment below the branch valley of the cut glutenite layer. In the mountainous area with multi-level trench net development, Samples should be sampled in the branch valleys. When taking the outcrop samples, they should be taken as far as possible at the bottom of the gravel layer or near the bedrock. Each sample should be 0.2-0.5m long. The sample weight should be at least 20kg or by volume. 0.01m3. (About 1 standard ship shape panning plate full disk sand sample.) When sampling along the river, the spacing is determined by the size of the valley, and it is not necessary to mechanically fix. The sampling point should be determined based on the favorable geological and geomorphological conditions. Long ditch, can Samples are taken at 800m intervals, and trenches with a length of about 10km can be sampled at a distance of 1600m. When the slope is sampled, the sampling points are arranged according to the contour of the parallel slope, with a distance of 80-40m. All sampling layers are taken as far as possible in the gravel. In the layer or clay- bearing gravel layer, avoid the pure clay layer. The old tailing sand pile should be directly sampled from the near upper surface layer, and the pit depth is 0.3-0.5m. The weight or volume of the heavy goods should be calculated for all kinds of heavy sand sampling. In order to calculate the grade. Samples are sent to the laboratory after being washed in the wild.

Second, the project heavy sand method

It is an effective method to use sand drill or exploratory engineering to penetrate loose sedimentary layer and systematically sample to understand the gold content of loose deposit and directly determine the grade of gold-bearing layer. Since the gold and industrial gold deposits mainly exist at the bottom of the loose sedimentary layer, the engineering heavy sand method can find out the deep sand gold enrichment and provide direct prospecting information. The basic point of adopting this method is to have a more adequate basis for the sampling project point and the feasibility of construction. Secondly, no matter what kind of sampling main course is to penetrate the gold-bearing layer and control the depth below the bedrock surface at least 0.2m deep.

The use of sampling engineering for sand gold prospecting must be based on the analysis of geological and geomorphic conditions. According to the prospecting signs and clues, the favorable parts are selected in the favorable ore-forming section, and the project is arranged according to the certain engineering network. The favorable part should be determined according to the gold enrichment and metallogenic regularity.

Third, the old mining and mining survey of gold

Many sand gold hand-made old tracks are common in the upper reaches of the river in the gold-plated area or in the fine valleys of the branch ditch. They are effective signs for gold prospecting. According to the old mining tracks, further exploration of the periphery can often achieve good results. The large-scale artificial tailings in the old mining area are also often industrially valuable ore bodies. In addition, through the civil mining survey, many valuable information about the geological characteristics, regularity and prospecting clues of the sand gold deposits can be obtained. Therefore, the sand gold mining survey has important prospecting significance.

Fourth, geological and geomorphological survey

It is the basic method for gold prospecting, mainly used for the analysis of gold mineralization conditions and the prediction of favorable ore-forming areas.

In the prospecting stage, the main survey is the river valley route. Among them, the geological survey can adopt the natural outcrop method, the river debris observation method, and use the known gold-growing ditch in the area as a control analogy, and at the same time take some natural heavy sand samples to understand the gold content. Indirectly or directly determine whether there is no gold replenishment and the level of wealth. In the investigation, attention should be paid to understanding the tectonic setting of the valley and the geological phenomena associated with gold mineralization.

The geomorphological observation mainly divides various landform units of river valley type and determines its distribution, and understands its scale, genesis, sediment characteristics and gold content, and maps the Quaternary on the 1:50000 or 1:25000 scale topographic map. Geological sketches, drawing the boundary line of the main geomorphic unit, providing reference for the layout of the sampling project and the subsequent delineation of the ore body.

V. Some experiences of the folks looking for gold and gold mines

China's major gold-producing areas have a long history of mining, and the folks have accumulated rich experience in finding gold deposits.

(1) Determining the prospects section according to the geomorphology and the law of sand gold enrichment

1. Look at "Three Mountains" and "Four Nothing", one is "mountain mountain", "closed mountain", "Yingmen Mountain", "not exposed before the ditch", "not blocked after the ditch", "not exposed in the ditch" Wind and "the whole ditch is not exposed."

The “mountain mountain” is the golden mountain in the upper reaches of the river valley. It is characterized by a large (not exposed) and "Ma Ding" vein (quartz). Experience suggests that there is a greater likelihood that a mountain will form a gold deposit in the valley.

"Guanshanmen" is the valley-shaped mountain, also known as "close the door." “Yingmen Mountain” is the mountain facing the river in the corner of the river valley. It is also called “no mouth” and “no mouth”. This landform is a favorable sign of gold deposits. In the valley above the "Guanmen Mountain" or in the valley in front of the "Yingmen Mountain", it is a place where sand gold is enriched. “No wind” is also called “no waist”. The mountains on both sides of the river producing sand are higher, and the “wind” seems to be unable to get out. “Unbone” means that the rock on the bottom of the river bed is not exposed, indicating that the valley is in the accumulation stage.

2. "The small ditch is out of the mouth", "the big ditch has legs", "not too big or too small in the belly". The small ditch refers to a small valley with a length of less than 3 km. “Small ditching out” means paying attention to finding gold deposits at the exit of Xiaogou. When the length is above 10 km, it is a large ditch. “The big ditch has legs” means that gold deposits are found in the larger valleys, so it is also possible to find gold deposits in some of the valleys upstream. Conversely, if there is a gold deposit in the valley, there may be a gold deposit in the main valley. It is not too big or small (Zhonggou) with a length of 3-10km, and the main mineralization is in the valley.

3. "Gold out of the shade". According to folk experience in the cold region, alluvial gold deposits, especially terraces, are mostly distributed on the side of the valley. That is, the east-west river valley, there are many gold deposits on the terraces on the south side of the valley, and there are few gold deposits on the north side of the valley. On the north side, there are few rivers and valleys in the north-south direction. The gold deposits are mostly from the west terraces, and the ore deposits on the east side are rare. .

(2) River heavy sand sampling to find gold

Taking heavy sand samples along the river for gold prospecting is one of the most common methods used by the people. Its main experience is:

1. The sampling points should be reasonable and have a certain representativeness. Usually, the sampling line spacing should be 200-300 m.

2. The sampling position should select the inner part of the river to change the flow direction (turning); the river water flow rate is significantly slower; the front of the large obstacle object in the river bed; the side of the main tributary convergence.

3. Pay attention to the sampling horizon. When mud (clay), sand and gravel are available, it can be taken.

4. When sampling on the old exploration pit or the old tailing sand pile, the topsoil part should be stripped first, but do not dig too large. It is best to find the gravel sample with the bedrock fragments. It is not possible to take the purely washed gravel part. .

5. Can not be used for water in the sample.

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