During the Northern Qi Dynasty, green glazes and plastic figures were attached to the beaded pattern jars, and the patterns were plain and immature. On March 12, 2013, the media reported that the national treasure painting “Deep Mountains and Rain†by the Song Dynasty painter Michelle will appear on the 17th at the Zhenguan Auction House in New York, USA, and the starting price will be approximately RMB 200 million. When the news came out, the collector Zhu Shaoliang spoke on the Weibo: “Zhenguan auctions have always been thunderous. When you see this piece of 'Mi Qi', you know Mr. Lin Jiguang (Chairman of Zhenuan International Auction Co., Ltd.—Editor's note). He was also ill-intentioned. The bad news is that there are more people than the old lei. They help to deceive the public." The sky-price auction also drove the great prosperity of China's fake market. "After auctioning out the cultural relics, a large number of identical counterfeits will appear on the cultural relics market in half a month, and the price will follow the sky-high price of the auction company." "Chinese Heritage Black Book" The author and scholar Wu Shu [microblogging] told the Oriental Outlook Weekly. The dramatic increase in counterfeit products has swayed the market for cultural relics, confusing the authenticity of high-fidelity products, leaving experts unqualified, identifying cultural relics as “seeing the flowers in the fog,†and “the current overall art appraisal in China is in anarchist state. There is a lot of chaos." Wu Shu said to "Oriental Outlook." Returned to the identification of the fundamental technology, in the "eye" gradually can not resist the attack of high-tech counterfeiting, while the scientific identification of the immature development period, cultural relics identification exactly where to go? "Eight-Power Allied Forces" Successfully Addressed Machines Identification and high imitation, seemingly a shield against each other, high imitation goods was regarded as the culprit that caused the confusion in the current antique market. In fact, selling a kitchen knife does not mean killing. The cultural relics industry has defined such a definition for high imitation: the so-called “high imitation†refers to the highly consistent imitation of the original material, shape, size, glaze, and craftsmanship of the original material, starting from the basic materials produced by the porcelain. It is different from what people often call "defective goods." Although they are all "new", high imitation porcelain is as exquisite as the original. Huang Yunpeng, a famous ancient ceramic artist, once said: “The ceramics that can be called 'high imitation' are first quality, material and craftsmanship that can be compared with genuine products; the second is to go through 'dyeing' and approach 80% of the authentic products.†“High imitation is an art, and it is the inheritance of Chinese traditional culture. Every picture of every porcelain inherits the historical culture.†Li Guangqi, an ancient ceramic artist, constantly emphasized in an interview with “Oriental Outlookâ€. However, no artist or workshop craftsman who is a high imitation artist can guarantee that his works do not circulate in the antique market. Even if the high copywriter explicitly told the first buyer that the work was not true, then the imitation product went through several rounds of downsliding and flicker prices, and when it appeared as an artifact in an international auction house, its life experience was confusing. If you mention Gao Fang, you cannot avoid Jingdezhen. Fanjiajing's antique porcelain street is the epitome of Jingdezhen's high imitation. Various skilled artists are hidden in various small workshops. This was originally a small road between the urban and rural areas. After the transformation of the production relations in the 1980s, individual porcelain workshops began to spring up. Thousands of dollars are bought from here. In the future, they may be sold for tens of millions of dollars at international auctions. The cases of collectors make it possible for “myths†to be within easy reach. The feature here is open and honest imitation. Many shops directly place the large and small tubs filled with muddy water for painting porcelain, used to etch away the porcelain fluoric acid, potassium permanganate bottles, and wipes. Porcelain makes it old straw and ash. Under "done" ads, the address phone clearly written. “Now there are thousands of antique porcelains in Jingdezhen, and dozens of high-level imitations. These people have specializations in the field of surgery, imitation, imitation of Xuande, imitation of Yuanqing, and imitation of Hongwu, all of which are highly professional households. Many people are better than me.†Huang Yunpeng once said in an interview with the media. The high imitation porcelain that Jingdezhen’s high imitation masters made has a set of secrets against machine inspections. Most of the machine tests are to examine the bottom of porcelain, and analyze whether the composition of porcelain tire is the same as that of old porcelain. The bottom material of the high fancy porcelain comes from the old pit of old porcelain. For example, the magnet used to make porcelain tires was excavated in the Taihu Pit of Qimen in Anhui Province. It was excavated by the Empress Dowager Cixi. Bubbles under the glazed bottom of porcelain are also the focus of expert inspection. Ancient kilns were fired with firewood. Temperatures were not uniform. Porcelain bubbles of different sizes appeared in porcelain, while the temperature of modern natural gas was balanced, but high imitations could pass. Adjust the outgassing amount of natural gas to control the temperature in the kiln, close for a few minutes, and then expand for several minutes to artificially create large and small bubbles. "Ceramic industry depends on two aspects: aesthetics and craftsmanship. If both of them are in accordance, they can basically be regarded as things of that era. But ceramics is an extensive industry and it is impossible to have chemical elements like medical analysis. Standardization.†Li Guangqi’s analysis of “Oriental Weekly†said, “Like the burning of the stove, the master has more shovels and less shovels. This will result in different values, so it is not enough to depend on science. Also rely on experience." Li Guangqi said. Porcelain in every era has its own popular code, as long as it conforms to these popular codes, and it is consistent with the use of materials, techniques, formulas, painting techniques, etc. This porcelain will be designated as the artwork of that era. Li Guangqi also has his own secret on the machine. The porcelain that he sent to the machine is the assembled cargo, commonly known as the "eight-nation coalition." “In the process of real estate development in Jingdezhen during these years, all the excavated foundations were dug out of waste tiles. These tiles were all garbage that had been deposited in the past. There were many bottoms, half awkwards, and tattered ones. We took those things back, cut them, and then spliced ​​them along with the shape of these things. When the test was done, who would grind them, he must take the bottom components of the porcelain to do molecular analysis and analyze the fetal soil of the porcelain. Ingredients, what is the content of silicon dioxide, antimony oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, etc. When we are making ceramics in the Yongzheng Period, we look for the tiles of the Yongzheng and put it on. How are you going to detect it? It's also old. It is not afraid of machines at all," Li Guangqi introduced to Oriental Outlook. "Some bronze wares are the same. Three feet are old. The three buttons are old. The copper on the body is rotted, and a new one is made up. It is still a new item of dismantling, but it has been tested. When the main body is not detected and the feet and buttons are used as samples, this assembly will still pass.†An Attempt at the Nuclear Archaeology Section of the Institute of High Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences In the face of powerful high imitation, experience and general machinery are not enough to deal with. Is there any higher-end and more reliable technology? "China's current art and technology appraisal has only made initial explorations and breakthroughs in porcelain. The test method is to measure the time of the last over-fire, but it can measure the time of the artwork's unearthed, but there will be an error of 5% to 10% of the year." Wu Shu said, “For example, which of the dynasties of the Ming and Qing dynasties could not be measured "." In fact, the thermoluminescence test method was also cracked by sham molecules. A Hong Kong collector bought a batch of Tang Sancai's high imitations in Henan and returned to Hong Kong to test it with thermo-luminescence. The results show that it has been more than 1,000 years ago. High-imitation manufacturers began to look for cracks, and finally found the X-ray of the security system as a "magic weapon." X-rays were fired for one second and porcelain could be "aged" for 100 years. Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences is the earliest institution to conduct scientific and technical methods to identify ancient ceramics. Before the reform and opening up, the research focus of the institute was the history of the development of ancient ceramics and the history of ancient ceramics. In 1999, an Australian-Chinese Ning Zhichao took a pair of blue-and-white flowers and ear flasks to Shanghai Silicate Research Institute for an identification test. He did not get a clear reply. He immediately found the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to do the identification. The researchers tried to use nuclear analysis techniques to compare the several blue and white porcelain pieces unearthed at the site of the archaeological site of the Social Sciences Academy of Sciences, to identify the authenticity. Before the above case, the wet chemical identification method used by Shanghai Silicate Research Institute was lossy analysis. “But things that belong to the cultural relics cannot allow you to take samples. The price of one is greatly reduced, and our high energy has synchrotron radiation X fluorescence. Proton-excited X-fluorescence and conventional X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques can perform non-destructive studies and non-destructive measurements of elements in situ. These methods are irreplaceable by other methods and therefore have technical advantages,†said Feng Songlin, a researcher at the Institute of High Energy Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Looking East Weekly. Attempts have shown that nuclear analysis technology can play an important role in the analysis and identification of ancient ceramics. Relying on various modern nuclear analysis conditions and experimental techniques possessed by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Nuclear Technology Archaeology Section of the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was established in 1999. After the establishment of the Nuclear Archaeology Team, it established cooperative relations with archaeological units in 8 cities (Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Yunnan), District 1 (Inner Mongolia) and 2 cities (Beijing and Chengdu). Sites Excavated from unearthed provenances and stratigraphically defined standards provide a reliable route. The archaeological team collected a total of more than 10,000 specimens of ancient ceramic fragments with more than 40,000 samples of ancient ceramics that were unearthed from the excavation of some 40 typical kiln excavations, and established more than 6,000 samples with representative, statistical, and practical values. The ancient ceramic database of non-destructive analysis of samples is the database with the largest sample volume and data volume so far. According to Feng Songlin, sample collection and establishment of a standard sample library are the first and most important first step. "As long as the samples are excavated by the archaeological team, we do not need to collect the ceramics on the surface of the kiln sites and the ceramic collections. Our database basically covers the major kiln mouths that the collectors chase. Now there is a lack of official kiln and Jingdezhen Yukio Mingqing. In some cases, the rest are basically collected. But to build a complete database of ancient Chinese ceramics, not one generation will be able to complete, and some kiln has not been excavated, and some kiln still do not know where.†Feng Songlin said that the nuclear archeology group has solved a number of ceramic archaeological problems based on analysis data of a large number of samples, such as answering the academic controversy over whether the Vietnamese kiln secret color porcelain was specially fired or not. The distinction between porcelain ages provides important criteria, advances the age of the binary formulation of Hutian Kiln by approximately 300 years, establishes the origins of Tang Sancai, identifies the basis for authenticity, and recognizes the identity of blue and white flowers. The research results of the nuclear archaeology group are currently mainly used for basic research. “Only after doing a lot of basic research, can we really understand the ancient ceramics and get involved in social services. Otherwise, it is not responsible or rigorous.†Feng Songlin said, “However, The connection between basic research and social services has begun." The Nuclear Archaeology Team and the Beijing Chinese Painting and Calligraphy Collectors Association jointly established two "scientific testing rooms" as the initial checkpoints. The exploratory social services will soon begin. A lot of people come here for testing, and there are more than 100 items that have been eliminated by Feng Songlin's "Eyeology". The remaining 200 pieces are worthy of initial detection using the instrument, while only 5 items have passed comprehensive testing. “The first step is the initial inspection. The purpose of the initial inspection is to distinguish whether the chemical composition is artificially added or not, and it basically accords with the characteristics of ancient porcelain. In the second step, the comprehensive inspection can be conducted after the initial inspection. The tire, glaze and 4 points of the colorant, statistical analysis of the analysis data is given after the analysis report; the last step is we together with ancient ceramic experts to do a comprehensive assessment, natural science and humanities combined, including from the type, quality, glaze, painting Comprehensive assessment of style, cultural connotation and firing process etc." Feng Songlin introduced the identification process. Take the road of combining experience and science At present, the database used by folk ceramics testing and appraisal organizations is mainly composed of more than 500 ancient porcelain samples and data collected by the State Museum collection in the “Ceramic History of Chinese Science and Technologyâ€. There is no clear and unified reference standard, and the data does not have reasonable fluctuation range. The key is the lack of necessary micro-component data, the same artwork, the test results of these different folk science testing institutions are likely to be different. “The non-rigorous testing of these non-governmental testing and appraisal organizations has stricken the rigorousness and seriousness of science, and has caused collectors to gradually assume that scientific detection is not reliable. The chaos in the cultural relics market has become increasingly fierce,†said Feng Songlin. A Jingdezhen high-imitation firm once said to Feng Songlin confidently: “I can imitate the chemical composition of porcelain exactly!†Feng Songlin explained: “You can't do it. The main components can be simulated, but the trace amount can't be done. Millions A few parts of the content, a few hundred thousand parts of the content is difficult to imitate, if a trace element of the original product is relatively high, modern raw materials are relatively low, it is still easy to do, as long as the trace elements are added one by one. No, it is relatively low, and the content of certain trace elements in modern raw materials is relatively high, so it is very difficult for you to reduce to meet the requirements.†In the research work to establish a quasi-database, the nuclear archaeology team also made a copy database. “The artwork was tested and it was false to have a pair of imitation databases. The database of imitations had been accumulated since 2005. It was not consciously done, but after the imitation was done, various imitation features were collected. "Feng Songlin said. Compared with ophthalmology, scientific identification should have great advantages, but at present, several domestic research institutions with databases are in the array, database standards are not uniform, database information is not shared, and these institutions with scientific research capabilities are often Staring at Guanyao famous kiln to do repetitive work, wasting resources and talents, it is also difficult to effectively curb the existence of counterfeit goods in a certain period of time. On the other hand, the methods for identifying natural sciences are also flawed. It is technical means to determine the authenticity through the materials, chemical content, aging traces, etc. As for the cultural connotation of the artworks, the experts of the humanities and sciences are required to determine. “There is no way to quantify the things we can’t get, so the eye Learning can't be eliminated, and the future development must be combined with science. Our country's identification of qualified personnel training is also the best of both arts and sciences, both ceramic archaeological knowledge and natural science knowledge." Feng Songlin said . Can the "Illegal Son" be given "Extraordinary"? After many years studying the Chinese cultural relics market with great concentration, Wu Shu has always called for a method of rectification and construction. "If you want to manage this market, you must start from the root," said Wu Shu. The Cultural Relics Act cannot protect cultural relics. According to Wu Shu, the cultural relics that are in urgent need of protection in China at present are "heritage illegitimate children" that have been lost through "three burglars" (grabbing tombs, stolen fishing, and theft). The number of these cultural relics is particularly large, and a considerable number of them have the characteristics of long history, superb craftsmanship, and high scientific research value, which can be regarded as a treasure of the country. Their whereabouts are clear - some are smuggled out of the country and lost to foreign cultural institutions and private collectors. The rest is lost in the private sector, or mixed with fish, mixed with a large number of artifacts, illegally traded in the market, or “illegal†possession by collectors. "What's even worse is that even if these 'heritage illegitimate children' are detained in China, due to the lack of professional knowledge of collectors and merchants, there are daily destructions." Wu Shu suggested boldly adopting Huairou policy to make these "relics and illegitimate children" surface to the surface. , and then carry out appropriate protection and continue to "treasure the people." The so-called "Huairou" policy, in the words of Mr. Xie Chensheng, the drafter of the "Cultural Relics Law," said: "In a certain period of time, 'special property' is applied to 'heritage and illegitimate children', and transactions are allowed in designated places." Wu Shu suggested that he could entrust relevant departments or agencies to designate a time period for the free identification and registration of these items. Under the premise of clarifying state property according to law, he allowed the collectors to conduct transactions in an appropriate manner or at a place designated by the state. Collection. “This method is similar to the ownership of real estate property. Land is owned by the state, and the right to use and trade houses is owned by individuals. However, when the market is liberalized, it is necessary to make great efforts to block the source of 'heritage and illegitimate children' and combat them with the most severe means. The "three robberies" (tombs, salvage, theft) behavior. The current attack is light, even in some areas, some law enforcement agencies and "three thief" collusion crimes occur frequently." Wu Shu said. There is also a problem with the Auction Act. “The current outstanding problem in the auction of cultural relics is that some auction companies abuse or misread the exemption clause of Article 61 of the “Auction Lawâ€. The exemption clause is for counterfeit goods to open green light. This article must be abolished, and it must increase the false identification of experts. The seller knows the penalties for counterfeiting and other acts. According to Wu Shu's investigation, there are currently few countries that have a special "Auction Law." The auction house's trade behavior is vested in the relevant commodity law, and the problem is punished severely. "If the production and sale of fake paintings in the United States are the same as the production and sale of US bills, in the Republic of Korea, if the imitation of cultural relics does not mark the producer, it will not be allowed to list." “In addition to the amendments, we must establish systems, establish a complete cultural relics appraisal system, introduce all kinds of scientific methods into the appraisal mechanism to the utmost, and then establish graded appraisal institutions that serve the private collections and cultural relics trading markets. These institutions can emulate labor arbitration at all levels. The mode of operation of the committee is to conduct graded arbitration on disputes arising from the transaction market. Experts can refer to the treatment of doctors in public hospitals. Regardless of the authenticity of the counterfeit products, the implementation of piece-rate bonuses, such as the doctor's medical certificate, is delinked from personal interests. In doing so, even if the corruption in the appraisal industry cannot be completely eliminated, the probability of 'seeing money off true and false' will certainly be much less.' Wu Shu said, 'Only the practice of reforming the law can clear up the chaos in the Chinese cultural heritage market.' Ford Turbocharger Core Assembly,Td03 Turbocharger Core,Ford Chra,Ford Core Assembly Fengcheng Fire Turbocharger Manufacturing Co; Ltd. , https://www.fireturbolader.com