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Today, independent innovation has been set as a national policy. Some people may ask why this was not the case before? Afterwards, where will China's automobile policy go? When we look at the context of China’s auto development from a historical perspective, we will find that China’s auto policy has changed no matter what, and the connotation of its nationality has always been involved.
Initial policy
Before the 1980s, China’s auto industry should be said to be a completely autonomous auto industry. Especially in the 1950s, the automotive industry was booming. There were quite a few types of cars at the time, but the quantities were very small. Until the 1980s, the development of the automobile industry followed the policy of “production after life,†and trucks became products supported by the country at that time; while cars with only the red flag, Shanghai, and later the Beijing brand were retained. Mainly government officials.
As the automobile industry started in a period of economic shortage, the main problems to be solved were production problems, military vehicles, and government vehicles. Therefore, more emphasis was placed on developing autonomous auto industries. A group of companies such as FAW, NAC, BAIC, Dongfeng, Shaanxi Auto, SAIC, etc. have been established as the backbone enterprises of the country. These enterprises not only played a decisive role in meeting the needs of the country, but also established an autonomous auto industry development system. The industrial system laid the foundation.
In 1965, the per capita GDP of China was only 240 yuan, and in 1980 it was only 460 yuan. Therefore, it was unthinkable to establish a consumer-oriented automobile industry at that time. From 1966 to 1980, an automobile bureau was set up. At that time, the development policy was to focus on military use and give consideration to civilian use, and to build a “three-wire†automobile production base.
After the 1980s, the Chinese auto industry embarked on an open road. The characteristics of the early 1980s were: reform of the economic system, opening to the outside world, transformation of old products, and restructuring of the industry; the main characteristics of the automobile industry after the mid-1980s were: We will expand the autonomy of enterprises and take the road of joint, high starting point, specialization, and mass production, and revitalize the auto industry by accelerating the development of the car industry. An important historical event occurred during this period, that is, whether or not to go to the historic controversy of the car. As a result, the opinions of the sedan prevailed, which laid a policy foundation for the flourishing development of the car industry today. In 1985, the per capita GDP of China was only 855 yuan, and the production of cars only accounted for 1% of the national automobile production. At the end of the same year, the State Council approved the State Development Planning Commission and other departments to issue notices on strengthening macro-management and promoting the healthy development of the auto industry.
This period has a general statement about the industry. It is called "Lack of weight, no light, no cars," and the sedan is the image of the company. The consumer group is mainly corporate business. In order to meet the market demand, a large number of modified factories and modified vehicles began to appear, and the number of imported vehicles has increased greatly, which has caused the management to lose control.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the pace of introduction has accelerated markedly. By last year, almost all of the world’s major automotive multinational companies had entered the Chinese market. In 1994, China’s first automobile industry policy (hereinafter referred to as the “94 industrial policyâ€) appeared. The opening words of the policy stated: “The implementation of this industry policy will enable China’s automobile industry to lay a solid foundation at the end of this century, and then go through two The five-year plan will become a pillar industry of the national economy by 2010 and will promote the rapid development of other related industries.†Among them, the idea of ​​macro-management of the auto industry has not been changed, and the color of control has also been strengthened. This is also the past many years. The words of "governance scattered, chaotic, and bad" are always observed in the mouth of government officials.
Unchanging theme in development
One of the major contributions of the “94 Industrial Policy†is to allow state funds to be concentrated on several large groups and to allow large groups to quickly gather certain strengths. However, people have also put forward many opinions on industrial policies. An excessive management has caused the market to have insufficient competition, which is detrimental to the healthy development of the industry and has restricted the development of independent brands. One is to blame the market for technology, not only not learning. To technology, it lost a lot of market.
After entering the WTO, the first problem that was criticized by people has been solved to a great extent. From the entry of non-state-owned capital such as Geely and Lifan, it can be seen that the production of cars from many original non-car companies can be confirmed. The second problem, the reason why the policy environment for market-for-technology was formed, the core reason is that China’s independent development capability was too weak. The FAW Group, which has the strongest development capability, has been independently developed after seven years of liberation, resulting in a complete defeat of the Isuzu products on the market. In the car industry, even the self-developed car with the same level as Xiali can't do it. Obviously, the introduction of technology and open-minded learning are the only way out.
Under the general environment of international economic integration, if one’s own strength lags far behind that of multinational corporations, it is undoubtedly that the market will not be open to the rest of the world. It is better to wait and see why it is better to take the initiative to dance with transnational corporations and to form the middle of you and me. The situation, so as to survive and gradually grow up. Today, while we praise China, Chery, and Geely for their success, we should not forget that the birth of the joint venture has laid a solid foundation for the development of China's passenger car industry and enabled our country’s large number of parts and components companies to keep up with the international automotive industry. The pace of development has also led to the birth of a large number of parts and components companies with different economic components. When we accused the “94 Industrial Policy†of restricting access, we should see the “94 Industrial Policy†requirement for the localization rate of parts and components. It is this requirement that has enabled China to obtain spare parts production technology and production capacity; it should also pay attention to Yes, at that time, “for the market for technologyâ€, the main change was production technology, and the development technology was that foreign companies would not be transferred. The reason was simple. Multinational companies would not be allowed to develop their own competitors in the Chinese market. They needed Is to maximize the sale of their branded products.
With the gradual expansion and maturation of our country’s market, our country’s requirements for joint ventures are getting higher and higher: For example, when Volkswagen enters China, it promises to help China establish a parts and components industry; when GM comes in, it promises to establish development in China. Center; Toyota entered China, not only to ensure that the new product has a localization rate of 40%, while the NBC platform technology open to the Chinese for the use of the Chinese side, the high-end cars Majesta technology brought to the Chinese to help the development of the Red Flag.
In terms of consumer policy, we can see that from the past it was almost impossible to purchase a car privately, to control purchases, to cancel the national pricing, and ultimately to stipulate in industrial policy: to encourage private purchases. Behind this change is the strength of China’s economy. increase. By the end of last year, China’s per capita GDP had reached US$1,700, and cars have changed from displaying corporate image to private luxury goods to the current popularity of private cars; the production of cars has grown from 5 in 1960 to 4 million this year (estimated). China's auto market is expected to surpass Japan as the world's second-largest market; auto manufacturing has grown from nothing, and now it is capable of producing high-end cars in the world, and its industrial strength has undergone a qualitative leap. Looking at the policy trend from the founding of the country to the present, from the bud of the auto industry to the current development of self-development as a national policy, the development of the automobile industry has always been only two words - "autonomy", in the use of funds is also two words - "Concentration" has a word in its control of the market - "gradually opening up as the economy grows."
The direction of the future
In the context of economic globalization, the auto industry's autonomy is particularly important because the importance of the auto industry today is enough to affect the country's economic security. From here it can also be understood why the original restriction on the establishment of joint ventures by multinational corporations in the country requires that a company can only have at most two joint ventures in China - preventing the occurrence of monopoly; this will understand why Chinese companies are required to be joint ventures. At the same time, the shares held must not be less than 50%—guarantee our right to speak.
We may wish to look at the future automobile industry policy from an economic perspective. First of all, because the automobile industry's asset structure has not fundamentally changed - mainly state-owned assets, the country is still the largest shareholder of the automotive industry, so "management" still has to continue, but the way of performance is different; secondly, because the auto industry has Regarding whether the Chinese economy will continue to grow in the future, “self-reliance†will continue throughout. China cannot follow the Brazilian model, nor will it follow the Korean model and the Japanese model. China will form its own model – seeking independence in opening up. Positioning has led to the formation of an autonomous auto industry that stands in the forest of the world's auto industry powers. Third, since all multinational companies have entered the Chinese market, China has been able to independently develop medium-class cars through the guidance of the “market-for-technology†policy. Which company mobilizes the core of “autonomy� Which company can imagine the development prospects in China; Fourth, with the change of economic driving style, consumption will become the main force driving the Chinese economy, and due to energy and road hardware The government’s restrictions on the development of cars will neither be encouraged nor Systematic measures; Fifth, in the general pattern of economic globalization, the Chinese auto industry must not only meet self-sufficiency, but also must promote sustained economic growth through the international market. Therefore, exports will be the future direction, and the “civil war heroes†will not You will get rewards, and export champions are heroes.
In short, all changes in policies are based on whether or not they are in line with China’s economic growth, and are based on the premise of guaranteeing a large number of Chinese employment. Although China has joined the WTO, the government will not allow the “auto market to allocate resources†to the auto industry, including the United States government’s strong support for the auto industry. Germany is so, and Japan is the same. No one has the auto industry as its pillar industry. The country will let the automotive industry fall under the control of other countries.