â— Â Defensive driving basic concepts The core of defensive driving is "preventive measures." Defensive driving technology is a systematic summary and induction of relevant driving skills and driving habits to form a simple, clear and scientific system of safe driving. It can help drivers understand human "physiological defects" more clearly; Observe and understand the driving environment comprehensively; more accurately predict uncertain potential risk factors; and take timely preventive measures to avoid traffic accidents. No matter where you drive or what kind of vehicle you drive, these factors will always exist. When the driver has mastered how to observe, predict and act effectively and in a timely manner, and gradually develops good driving habits and safety concepts, it can prevent traffic accidents in a complex and changeable driving environment. Training drivers to “focus more, recognize and make conscious decisions as early as possible, and accurately and quickly move†is the goal of defensive driving training.  Defensive driving definition In the process of driving, drivers can accurately "foresee" the dangers caused by other drivers, pedestrians, bad weather or road conditions, and can take necessary, reasonable and effective measures to prevent accidents in a timely manner. This can be avoided. Dangerous driving methods are defensive driving techniques.  Second, the two goals of defensive driving First of all, he himself does not make mistakes while driving, to ensure that his vehicle does not cause active traffic accidents; Second, when other people make mistakes, they will not be involved in them, that is, to ensure that there are no passive traffic accidents.  Third, the essential difference between "defense driving technology" and "driving technology"  Fourth, the new method of distance measurement while driving 1. Three physical quantities related to driving: Time, Speed, Distance Distance = Speed ​​* Time 2, the time is certain, the longer the speed, the longer the distance. 3, a certain distance, the faster the faster the time. 4, a certain distance, the shorter the time, the faster. 5, let us change the way, with time as the unit of measurement. A few seconds method: a few thousand, practice for a few seconds. 6, note:  Fifth, defensive driving in three steps:  Observations → Decisions → Actions are indispensable. Observe your eyes.  Sixth, defensive driving of the four elements Broad vision, enough space = time plus effective communication  7. Classification of Causes of Traffic Accidents 1, human error: such as fatigue driving, drink driving, etc. 85% 4. The eight human error: lack of self-worth, lack of time for action, lack of self-regulation, lack of escape space, lack of overall ideas, lack of adequate communication, lack of adaptability, and lack of necessary training. â— Â Human "physiological defects"  One eye Our human eyes have inherent visual deficiencies that evolve for walking, and human eyes are not yet adapted to the speed of motorized vehicles. Visual classification: 1. Edge vision: 180 degrees, detecting the presence of objects. The presence of objects or phenomena with the edge of the visual sense during driving is an early warning system. The precipitating factors of “gazing†during driving are: scenes like “eye-catchingâ€; “worse†scenes; parking in case of red light; interesting scenes; too loose driving environment; Therefore, eyes in different contexts will produce "illusions" and "illusions" for objects. According to the wrong information, wrong decisions will be made.  Second, the brain The role of the brain is to store information, analyze information, and make decisions. The brain's capacity is limited, imagination is limitless, new information replaces old information, and information stays in the person's brain for a short time. 1. Store information: Limited capacity and short information stay. 3, the type of decision: can be divided into conscious decision-making and non-conscious decision-making two, conscious decision-making is through the brain to make a careful decision-making, and unconscious decision-making is not thinking, instinctive, subconscious. The conscious decision-making is a high-quality decision, and the unconscious decision-making is a low-quality decision. 4. The efficiency of decision-making: It depends on the quality of information and the speed of operation of the brain. It is highly efficient in decision-making; the quality of information is high and the brain is running fast. Inefficient decision making; low information quality and slow brain operation. Human brain capacity is limited in its speed of operation. Therefore, the brain's decision-making depends on the quality of information and the time required for decision-making.  Third, hands and feet The role of the hands and feet is to say that the brain's decision-making turns into action is the executing agency. The characteristic is that the correct action comes from the brain accurately making high-quality information and proper brain operation speed. It takes a certain amount of time for the information to pass from the brain to the hands and feet. The accuracy of the hand and foot movements is controlled by the decision from the brain. The decision is passed from the brain to the Hands and feet need a certain amount of time; it takes a certain amount of time to accept the "command" until the completion of the action. â— Â Three-dimensional space driving method It is a systematic summary and induction of relevant driving skills and driving habits to form a simple, clear and scientific system of safe driving. It can help drivers understand human "physiological defects" more clearly; more comprehensive observation and Understand the driving environment; more accurately predict uncertain potential risk factors; take more timely preventive measures to avoid traffic accidents. No matter where you drive or what kind of vehicle you drive, these factors will always exist. When the driver has mastered how to observe, predict and act effectively and in a timely manner, and gradually develops good driving habits and safety concepts, it can prevent traffic accidents in a complex and changeable driving environment. Train drivers to "focus more, identify as early as possible and make conscious decisions, accurate and rapid action." The three-level space driving method divides the environment in which the vehicle is located into three concentric spaces: we call the outer space the "observation space," the middle space as the "decision space," and the inner space as the "Action space." In order to study the skills and habits of driving a vehicle safely, it is very intuitive and easy to remember, which is easy for the driver to understand and master.  First, the type of driver Divided into attack-type, defensive (safety), mediocre (novice) three. According to the survey, the distribution of foreign pilots is 10% for offensive, 80% for defensive, and 10% for mediocre. The distribution of domestic drivers is 60% of offensive, 10% of defensive, and 30% of mediocre. The characteristics of attacking drivers are: fast speed, rampage, frequent lane changing, and frequent braking. The defensive driver is characterized by compliance with the law and speed. The characteristic of mediocre drivers is that if you can't walk, you can't stop and you don't have regular driving.  Second, outer space The definition of visual guidance time: The ratio of the farthest ahead distance and the current driving speed that the driver can see while driving the vehicle, that is, the time required for the vehicle to reach the object that can be seen farthest from the current speed. Generally medium-level driver's visual guidance time is 3-6 seconds. 1, get 15 seconds visual guide time skills: Tip 1: Looking from a height to a height, "high sitting" does not mean "look far", and the high one looks far; 2, role: observation space - identify the source of risk (1) Observe and distinguish whether there is a potential danger on the road ahead; 3. Question: Under certain conditions, such as uphill slopes, bends, mountain roads, city streets, or under adverse road conditions and climates such as rain and dense fog, it is impossible to achieve a 15 second visual guidance time. What about? Reduce your speed until you can reach a climax of 15 seconds; if you still can't, then it will only take a few times more energy, go ahead with care, and focus on the middle space.  Third, the middle space 1. The time and frequency of mid-level space decision-making: For every one kilometer journey, the driver’s brain has to make 80 decisions. (1) Vehicle speed is 60 km/h: 80/60 seconds per km = 1.3 decisions/sec or allowing the brain to make a decision 0.75 seconds (2) If the speed is 90 km/hour, then: 2 decisions/ Seconds or allow the brain to make a decision for 0.5 seconds. (3) When the speed is >90km/hr, the decision time is <0.5 seconds. The faster the speed the driver has, the less time it takes to make decisions, so to anticipate and make decisions earlier, or to speed up the brain's operation, hurriedly gather information, and rush to make decisions. The result is that the brain is highly loaded and highly fatigued; Missing key information to make low-quality or even wrong decisions. 2, the principle of the definition of the middle-level space: (1) The frequency of making a decision every second will make people feel relaxed and free from feelings of stress and fatigue; (6) Communication: sound, light, gestures, eye contact and so on. The sound (speaker) is a friendly reminder rather than an angry warning that light (various lighting) is fully used to communicate with the light, light is turned on as early as possible (such as steering, braking, etc.), gestures are used when the communication result is uncertain, the driver must take the initiative eye contact. The purpose of communication: let the other party know your existence, understand your intentions, but not necessarily act according to your intention to show yourself, know the existence of the other side, willing to understand the other side's intention to agree before acting. Object of communication: Persons or vehicles that enter you in front, people who enter your left or right or rear, do not drive in the blind areas of others. 3, middle-level space observation and decision-making techniques: Tip 1: Front: Using the central vision to observe the outer light (edge ​​vision) in the outer space, preliminary prediction of the status of the middle space; careful observation of the middle space with the center vision, and timely communication with each other in order to make a decision. 4, role: The middle space is represented in green in the diagram, which means that this space is a “shared space†and therefore there are multiple sources of danger at the same time; countermeasures for all dangerous sources in the middle space are prepared in advance so as to prevent them from being caught off guard; active communication allows the other party to communicate with each other. Know your presence and understand your next move as early as possible; make accurate and timely decisions, avoid increasing the burden on the brain, expend energy, and cause fatigue.  Fourth, inner space Factors affecting the braking distance include the braking performance of the vehicle, the condition of the tire, the condition of the road surface, the weight of the vehicle, the form and state of the object carried on the vehicle, the reaction speed of the driver, and the speed of the vehicle. The Theoretical Foundation of the "4 Second Rule" The human reaction speed is: It takes 0.5 seconds to see the danger until the information is transmitted to the brain. The brain needs 1 second to make all kinds of information to make a correct decision. The decision is passed to the limbs. The command action takes 0.5 seconds due to the inertia and braking performance of the vehicle. With other objective factors, it generally takes 1-1.5 seconds to successfully avoid danger. It takes a total of 3.5 seconds and leaves a space of 0.5 seconds as your escape space. 1, the hazard of too close to the car: First of all, in the event of an emergency braking of a vehicle in front, due to lack of adequate space and reaction time, it often causes rear-end collisions. This is a common type of accident. 2. Countermeasure discussion: (1) In front of such a large space, other vehicles will be inserted from time to time. Is this not more dangerous? 3, the correct countermeasures: (1) If someone else is stuck in front of you and occupies your escape space, you need to slow down a bit to regain your "three-tier space"; 4, inner space construction skills: Tip One, the most easily controlled is the front space, insisted on 15 seconds of visual guidance time, 4 seconds or more of the distance with the car, some people do not angry when angry, not angry, continue to create space according to your intentions. Keeping pace with each other: It means that two cars above the same direction traveled side by side for more than 30 seconds. Tip 6: When parking at an intersection temporarily, if you stop at the first place, 2 to 3 meters from the parking line, it is advisable to see the stop line. The formation of the car array: Traffic lights {City}, road bottlenecks, and driving parallels. Tip 9: Always drive in the middle of your lane. The unreliable side of the lane is too close to the plane. 5, the formation of "spatial sense" habits: (1) When the driver's space is lost, he feels very uncomfortable, has a sense of "tenseness" and "compression", and tries to find an opportunity to escape and re-establish your space. 6, three-tier space driving method ten sentences Look at the fifteenth in the distance to see eight, four cars in front of the car four. â— Â Reversing safety: 1. 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Time = distance/speed
Speed ​​= distance/time
The method of using the visual distance is not very accurate. The disadvantages are as follows: the estimation error of the distance is very large, the disadvantage two, the amount of memory data is large, and the disadvantages are three. It needs to calculate and disperse the energy.
If you want to have a good road condition, you need to keep the car on the road. The reference is fixed, the speed is constant, and the frequency is constant for a few seconds. Do not concentrate too much on the second and ignore the others.
Decisions use the brain.
The order of action must not be reversed by hand.
2, mechanical defects: such as brake failure 10%
3, the environment is irresistible factor: If the bridge suddenly collapses, the landslide is 5%, as long as the 95% factor is overcome, the accident will be reduced to the minimum.
2. Center vision: 3 degrees, to identify the characteristics of the object. Used to identify whether it is dangerous to distinguish the system. The use of a central visual observation of an object for a long period of time will result in "gazing," resulting in "blindness" and loss of part of the edge vision, which is called a "physiological blind spot."
2. Analyze information: Only limited information can be analyzed. There is a speed limit. It takes time to make decisions.
Tip 2: Apply the working principle of radar;
Tip 3: For the outer space on the left and right sides, edge vision should be used;
Tip 4: Learn to ignore the less important or unimportant side;
Tip 5: The rear outer space is observed through the rearview mirror.
(2) Pay attention to the changes of the signal lights in front (2-3 signal lights) and adjust the speed so as not to stop;
(3) Observe and find the least-in-resistance-driving lane; the best view; the least risk; the fastest; comply with regulations.
(4) Observe the information on the hanging object, traffic sign, height of the tunnel, bearing weight of the bridge, etc.
(5) When driving at night, eyes should be observed as far as possible outside the car light coverage.
(6) Observe the traffic signs
(2) After the decision is made, it takes a time interval to confirm other parts (such as left, right, and back). It is possible to take action only after there is no danger. Therefore, a 1-2 second interval is appropriate;
(3) Between 4 and 8 seconds, it is the best time for the driver to make decisions, that is, not over-stretched, rushed, and will not judge errors;
(4) Even if there is some wrong decision, the driver has enough time to correct it without causing harm.
(5) The three-level space driving method requires the driver to look at the rearview mirror for 5-8 seconds. Because the driver needs to understand the 360-degree information source, the normal frequency of changes in the back and sides of the vehicle is 5-10 seconds. The brain needs continuous images and the information retention time is 6 seconds.
Tip 2: Left and right and rear, 5-8 seconds to scan the side of the important side of the mirror, or two side and endoscopy.
Tip 3: When you pass through the front intersection, you must observe left and right before you can pass. Because, under normal circumstances, the danger comes from the left side; crossroad requirements: observe left and right in advance, communicate actively, and cross the intersection center before speeding up.
Tip four: Eye contact, if possible, should take the initiative to make eye contact with each other and comprehend the other person's intentions; attention, can not be staring more than 2 seconds.
Tip 5: Turning: Turn 50 meters ahead of time into the turn lane, turn on the turn signal, and turn down the gear before entering the curve. (Don’t stop at neutral or after turning.) Turn radius is reasonable.
Tip 6: Change lanes: Look at the rearview mirror first for normal lane changes. Confirm that there is no danger. Turn on the turn signal (ringing 3-5 sounds). Look at the mirrors and change lanes gently. Prevent emergency lane change.
Tip Seven: Brake: First lightly step on the brake to make the brake light on. You are prompted or warned that the car behind you is decelerating. If you need to gradually increase the brake force, do not allow the rear brake to brake.
Secondly, because it is too close to the car and worried about the sudden braking of the preceding vehicle, the driver will involuntarily pay more attention to the brake lights of the preceding vehicle, which may easily cause staring, thus ignoring left, right and rear information.
Third, immediately behind a large vehicle, the driver's line of sight was blocked and he could not obtain a 15 second visual guidance time. Therefore, he would lose his “early warning space†and be vulnerable to fright and even accidents.
Fourth, following the back of a car, the brain must speed up in order to get enough decision-making time, so it is prone to fatigue.
Fifth, the probability of a traffic accident that occurs too close will be greatly increased, and “safe arrival†is more important than “arrival on timeâ€.
Sixth, it is easy to cause psychological pressure on front drivers and even cause anger on the other side.
(2) It is impossible to have 4 seconds of space for each inserted car.
(3) Especially in urban areas, such a large space will be criticized by other drivers and even the police. How can I endure it?
(4) What is your response to the above situation?
(5) The mentality of most drivers is that they do not allow others to take advantage of it, lose the safety of driving, and lose their driving initiative. It can be seen that doing so is very dangerous, not to mention that as a well-trained and ethical driver, certain concessions should also be made to the unreasonable behavior of those non-professional drivers you face all day.
(2) As for the accusations of others, it is only a manifestation of misunderstanding and ignorance, because not everyone understands the "three-tier space driving method."
(3) Keep in mind your own mission and overcome "herd mentality."
Tip two: Use the “minimum resistance lane†that you are looking for in observation of outer space, and change lanes with appropriate time.
Tip 3: Try to stay away from the most dangerous areas, such as pedestrians and non-motorized groups on general roads, and try to keep the inner space on one side from being occupied.
Tip four encourages the back of the car to go over, especially aggressive vehicles.
Tip 5: Avoid "driving together" and avoid "three cars and one line" when overtaking or overtaking.
Hazards, harming people are not good for themselves, they do not have inner space on one side, traffic jams at slow speeds, and they easily lead to the anger of other drivers. The right way is to leave space for oneself and leave an exit for others.
“Three vehicles and one line†means that three or more vehicles are on the same straight line when passing or being overtaken.
Hazard: Dangerous due to the speed of overtaking and lack of inner space on both sides
Tip seven: If you stop behind other vehicles, it is advisable for the driver to see the rear wheel ground point of the vehicle in front. At this time, the start should be slower than the previous one to start {1 - 2 seconds}. Effectively create the space ahead.
Tip 8. Never drive in a car unless you have to do it.
Countermeasures: Pass quickly or cautiously, or relax at a constant pace.
(2) Role: escape space (3) The area marked with red is a “forbidden zone†and other hazards should be avoided as far as possible.
(4) Ensure that the inner space can provide a full and wide field of vision and enough time to take action. Even if the operation fails, there is still an escape route.
(5) Actively communicate with pedestrians and other drivers in inner space to avoid misunderstandings.
Stare at the danger of two seconds, five to eight seconds.
Outer space is like a radar and it depends on it in advance.
There is a lot of danger in the middle space, so make decisions as early as possible without fear.
The inner space is a restricted zone and the escape route needs to be left behind.
2. Reasons: Unnecessary reversing, large blind spots, vehicle design, insufficient training, and insufficient information.
 3. Principle before parking: It is best not to reverse the car and find a suitable parking space to avoid reversing when driving.
4. The principle of having to pour backwards: check and check backwards to fully view the potential risks within the reversing range; whether other vehicles, personnel, etc. may enter your reversing area or ask people to command when you revers , must ask the assistant to help command, before reversing with the assistant to agree a good language, gestures, etc., when reversing to ensure that your assistant is in your vision, or immediately stop.
5, set the flag: set the safety cone in the reversing area, as a warning.
6, have to fall when the principle: as short as possible, pour out to be able to advance.
 7, reversing the three principles: the best not to fall, first check down, as short as possible.