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According to the survey, mulberry leaves contain 0.8% to 1.2% nitrogen, 0.175% to 0.24% phosphorus, and 0.51% to 0.56% potassium. Various fertilizers applied to the soil are not completely absorbed by crops. The utilization rate is 60% nitrogen. Phosphorus is 20% and potassium is 30%. Therefore, for every 50 kilograms of picking mulberry leaves, 1 kilogram of pure nitrogen and 0.375 kilograms of phosphorus and 0.565 kilograms of phosphorus must be added to meet the nutrients needed for normal mulberry growth. The various nutrients just in the soil can not meet the needs of mulberry growth and development. If no fertilization or fertilizer is applied or a single fertilizer is applied, the mulberry grows poorly, the branches are short, the leaves are yellow, the leaves are small, easy to harden, the tree vigor is weak, the yield is low, and the quality of the leaves is poor. With this kind of leaf rearing, the silkworm body is small and weak, the pods are small, the mash is low, and the silkworm is of poor quality. Therefore, mulberry fertilization is an important measure to determine the yield and quality of mulberry leaves. Fertilization can provide nutrients to the mulberry tree through the soil, but there are differences in nutrients provided by different soils, and the mulberry tree itself also has its own nutrient requirements. To meet the mulberry tree growth and development needs of different nutrients from the soil, we must understand the nutrient supply conditions of the soil itself, grasp the mulberry tree nutrient requirements, determine the mulberry tree growth and development of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other necessary amount, maintain and Improve soil fertility, increase tree vigor, and provide high-quality, high-yielding mulberry leaves for sericulture.
1 Mulberry soil test to collect mulberry soil samples, soil nutrient tester for testing, measure the mulberry soil acidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other trace elements and organic matter content, assessment of soil nutrient supply conditions for the formula Fertilization provides the basis.
2 Mulberry Fertility Requirements Mulberry must continuously absorb water and nutrients from the surrounding environment during its growth and development. Among the nutrients absorbed, in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be ingested from air or rainwater, other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, iron, magnesium, and microelements such as boron, zinc, manganese, Copper, etc., is mainly absorbed from the soil. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are three elements of fertilizers, are an important part of the plant body.
2.1 Nitrogen fertilizer.
Nitrogen is the main component of protein, which can increase the content of chlorophyll and enhance the intensity of photosynthesis, promote the rapid growth of leaves, dark green leaves, dark leaves, thick leaves, leaves containing more organic, full leaf quality, hardening late, silkworm harvest Well, the amount of silk is large. In the absence of nitrogen, the mulberry grows slowly, the shoots are thin and short, the chlorophyll content in the leaves is reduced, the leaves are small and thin, the leaves are yellow, the early hardening, the yield is low, the leaf quality is poor, and the silkworm yield is also low. However, if nitrogen is applied excessively, the mulberry branches are long, the leaves are soft, the growth period is long, the mulberry leaves are mature, the leaves are large, and the mesophyll is thin. The silkworm is used to raise silkworms and the body of the silkworm is weak, and it is easy to induce silkworm diseases such as midgut type abscess.
2.2 Phosphate fertilizers.
Contributes to the production of chlorophyll, promotes the synthesis and transportation of photosynthesis and nutrients, and the growth and enrichment of stems and roots, especially the growth of new roots, and can increase carbohydrate and fiber content in mulberry leaves. Promotes robust branches and enhances the tree's resistance. The application of phosphate fertilizer not only yields high, but also conducive to leaf maturation, improve leaf quality, enhance the disease resistance of silkworms, produce a high amount of pupa, and produce a large number of eggs.
In the absence of phosphorus, the growth and development of mulberry trees were inhibited, roots and shoots were stunted, growth was slow, leaves opened late, leaves were pale, yield was low, and quality was poor.
However, excessive application of phosphate fertilizer, mulberry leaves hardened earlier, also affect the yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
2.3 Potassium fertilizer.
It can promote the transformation and storage of nutrients, make rhizomes full, grow robustly, promote the healing and recovery of cuttings and leaf cutting wounds, enhance the resistance of trees and pest resistance, strengthen photosynthesis and increase the absorption of mulberry nitrogen Action, the formation of more nitrogen-containing organic matter, promote leaf maturation and protein accumulation. In the absence of potassium, the plants are short, growth is declining, branches are weak, and the quality of the leaves is reduced. In severe cases, the tips of the old leaves become yellow and brown. When it is mild, clear spots appear in the green part of the old leaves, and then the white spots expand and the leaf margins die. However, when the nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, more potassium fertilizer can easily cause the mulberry leaves to harden earlier and the quality of the leaves deteriorates.
The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium required for different uses of mulberry fields differs. Silk mulberry mulberry orchards are roughly N (nitrogen): P205 (phosphorus): K20 (potassium) = 10:4:5. Garden is N (nitrogen): P205 (phosphorus): K20 (potassium) = 10:6:8.
The annual production of 2,000 kilograms of medium-level mulberry requires 2000 to 2500 kilograms of manure. The fertilizer applied per acre for the silk mulberry mulberry field is 29 kg of nitrogen (N 635 kg), 11.6 kg of phosphorus (P2O5) (82.6 kg of 14% superphosphate), and 14.5 kg of potassium (K20) (KCl 24 Kilograms); seedlings mulberry mulberry garden applied fertilizer per acre: nitrogen (N) 29 kg (urea 63 kg), phosphorus (P205) 17.5 kg (14% superphosphate 124.7 kg), potassium (K20) 23.3 kg ( Potassium chloride 38.8 kg) should be properly adjusted according to the content of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
3 Mulberry Soil Testing and Fertilization Technical Outline 3.1 According to the mulberry growth law.
In the spring, with the temperature rising, the branches and leaves grow rapidly, the summer mulberry grows vigorously in the early autumn, and the growth stops slowly in the late autumn and winter. Generally, the spring, summer and winter fertilization are preferred.
(1) Spring fertilizer. About 20 days before the mulberry germinated, the young silkworm used the mulberry first, the silkworm used the mulberry, and the clay first applied, and the sand later applied. Spring fertilizer is generally started in late February and should be finished at least 30 days before the leaf is used. Spring fertilizer is mainly applied to manure and chemical fertilizers. (2) Summer fertilizer. In summer, the mulberry tree is cut into branches in summer without cutting in summer. The spring silkworm is over and the mulberry tree is immediately fertilized once, which can increase the yield of summer and autumn leaves. The summer mulberry tree is applied first in about 7 days after the summer harvest, that is, in the middle and mid-June. It is applied twice in the middle of July. Summer fertilizer is based on quick-acting fertilizers. Water, fertilizer, and chemical fertilizers can be used in combination to ensure the continued vigorous growth of mulberry branches and leaves. (3) Winter fertilizer. After the mulberry leaves are fallen, it is appropriate to use it from the end of December to the beginning of January. The winter fertilizer is mainly applied as delayed fertilizer such as compost, manure, pond mud and earth miscellaneous fertilizer.
3.2 Fertilizer quantity and method.
Generally, 30 to 40 saplings and 15 to 20 sturdy trees are applied per kilogram of fertilizer (standard fertilizer); 20 saplings and 50 saplings per 50 kilograms of water and fertilizer; 2 kilograms per sapling of compost and manure; 4 kg. The location of fertilization is bounded by canopy dripping water. An annular groove is formed around the canopy. It can also be used to open or ditcher fertilize on both sides of the tree. The general ditch or nest depth 16 ~ 30cm, immediately after application cover soil. To assist in mulberry fertilization, rootless fertilization can be used to promote the growth and development of mulberry trees. However, attention must be paid to fertilization outside the roots: First, the fertilizers used, regardless of the use of chemical fertilizers or auxins for extra-root spraying, must first clarify what they contain. The effect of the ingredients on the mulberry tree is then determined based on the lack of nutrients and growth status of the mulberry tree, so that it can be used accurately.
The second is to master the spraying period. Spraying outside the roots in summer and autumn is best done in sunny morning dew or early evening. The third is to prepare the appropriate concentration. Urea 0.5%, ash leaching liquid 1%, ammonium sulfate 0.4%, potassium sulfate 0.5%, calcium superphosphate 0.5%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%, human urine 1%. The fourth is the spraying method. The mulberry leaf has many stomata on the back surface, and it has strong absorption capacity. When spraying, both sides of the blade must be sprayed and sprayed evenly. The finer the sprayed fog is, the better. Every 5~6 days. Continuously 2 or 3 times, spraying was stopped 7 days before the leaf was used. However, extra-root fertilization is only a supplementary fertilization and cannot replace soil fertilization.
3.3 Pay attention to fertilizer concentration.
The use of high-fertilizer chemical fertilizers, if not properly applied, will easily lead to high soil solution concentrations, so that the root system damage, severe plant death. Therefore, in the nursery or young mulberry garden fertilizer, should be diluted with water or dry before the application.
3.4 Select fertilizer according to the mulberry soil.
Alkaline fertilizers are used in acidic soils and acidic fertilizers are used in alkaline soils. Sand, clay, and Gaozao areas are suitable for organic fertilizers. The sand has poor fertility and should be applied in batches.
Analysis of Soil Fertilization and Formula Fertilization in Mulberry Field
The main purpose of mulberry cultivation is to produce good quality mulberry leaves for silkworm rearing. Because of the need for cutting and multiple leaf collection each year, mulberry trees need to remove large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the soil.