Introduction to practical knowledge of non-ferrous metals

1. Non-ferrous metal classification and product brand representation
First, the classification of nonferrous metals (1) non-ferrous heavy metal into pure metal, a light metal, precious metals, semi-metals, and rare five.
(2) Non-ferrous alloys are classified according to alloy systems: heavy non-ferrous alloys, light non-ferrous alloys, precious metal alloys, rare metal alloys, etc.; depending on the alloy application, they can be divided into: deformation (alloy for pressure processing), casting alloy, bearing alloy, printing Alloys, hard alloys, solders, intermediate alloys, metal powders, etc.
(3) Colored materials are classified according to chemical composition: copper and copper alloy materials, aluminum and aluminum alloy materials, lead and lead alloy materials, nickel and nickel alloy materials, titanium and titanium alloy materials. When classified by shape, it can be divided into: plate, strip, belt, foil, tube, rod, wire, type and other varieties.
Second, the product brand representation
(1) Nomenclature The naming of non-ferrous metal and alloy product grades requires the use of Chinese pinyin letters or international element symbols as the subject code to indicate the category to which it belongs, such as L or AL for aluminum and T or Cu for copper. After the keyword, it is represented by the component number order in combination with the product category. That is, the code number after the subject word can indicate the state, characteristics or main components of the product, such as aluminum (L) alloy with LF being anti-Fr (F) rust; aluminum (L) alloy for DM (for D); LY is hard (Y) Aluminum (L) alloy, the key words of these three alloys are aluminum alloy (L). For example, QSn is the main additive element in the green (Q) copper is tin (Sn); QAL9-4 is the green (AL) in the green (Q) copper, and the elemental aluminum added in the composition is 9%. The element is 4% and the subject of these two alloys is bronze (Q). Therefore, the product code is represented by a combination of the keyword Chinese pinyin letters, chemical element symbols and Arabic numerals specified in the standard (GB340-78).
The state, processing method and feature code of non-ferrous metals and alloy products are indicated by the specified Chinese phonetic alphabet. Such as hot processing R (heat), quenched C (quenching), aluminum without B (not), fine particles X (fine) and so on. However, there are also a few exceptions, such as high-quality surface O (image representation is perfect).
2. Copper and copper alloy
First, pure copper
Pure copper is rose red metal, which is purple after the surface forms a copper oxide film. Therefore, industrial pure copper is often called copper or electrolytic copper. The density is 8-9 g/cm ³ and the melting point is 1083 ° C. Pure copper has good conductivity and is widely used in the manufacture of wires, cables, brushes, etc.; it has good thermal conductivity and is commonly used to manufacture magnetic instruments and instruments that require anti-magnetic interference, such as compasses, aviation instruments, etc.; plasticity is excellent, easy to heat Pressure and cold pressure processing, can be made into tubes, rods, wires, strips, strips, plates, foils and other copper. Pure copper products are available in both smelted and processed products.
Second, copper alloy
(1) brass
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc . The simplest brass is a copper-zinc binary alloy called simple brass or plain brass. Brass with different mechanical properties can be obtained by changing the zinc content of the brass. The higher the content of zinc in brass, the higher the strength and the lower the plasticity. The brass used in the industry does not contain more than 45% zinc. If the zinc content is high, brittleness will occur and the properties of the alloy will deteriorate.
In order to improve the performance of brass, brass with other alloying elements added to the one-piece brass is called special brass. Commonly used alloying elements are silicon, aluminum, tin, lead, manganese , iron and nickel. Adding aluminum to brass improves the yield strength and corrosion resistance of brass and slightly reduces plasticity. Brass containing less than 4% aluminum has good properties such as processing and casting. Adding 1% tin to brass can significantly improve the resistance of brass to seawater and marine atmospheric corrosion, hence the name "Naval Brass". Tin also improves the machinability of brass. The main purpose of brass lead is to improve machinability and improve wear resistance. Lead has little effect on the strength of brass. Manganese brass has good mechanical properties, thermal stability and corrosion resistance; adding aluminum to manganese brass can also improve its performance and obtain a smooth surface casting . Brass can be divided into casting and pressure processing. Commonly used to process the chemical composition of brass.
(2) Bronze
Bronze is one of the earliest alloys used in history. It originally refers to copper-tin alloy. Because it is blue-gray in color, it is called bronze. In order to improve the process properties and mechanical properties of the alloy, most of the alloying elements such as lead, zinc and phosphorus are added to the bronze. Since tin is a scarce element, many tin-free tin-free bronzes are used in the industry, which are not only inexpensive but also have the special properties required. Mainly, Wuxi bronze aluminum bronze, beryllium bronze, manganese bronze, silicon bronze. There are also ternary or quaternary bronzes with more complex ingredients. Copper alloys other than brass and white copper (copper-nickel alloy) are now called bronze. [next]
Tin bronze has high mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, friction reduction and good casting properties; low sensitivity to overheating and gas, good welding performance, no ferromagnetism, and low shrinkage coefficient. Tin bronze is more resistant to corrosion in the atmosphere, sea water, fresh water and steam than brass. Aluminum bronze has higher mechanical properties than tin bronze, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance, no ferromagnetism, good fluidity, no segregation tendency, and can obtain dense castings. The addition of elements such as iron, nickel and manganese to aluminum bronze further improves the various properties of the alloy.
Bronze is also divided into two major categories of pressure processing and casting products.
(3) white copper
The copper-based alloy with nickel as the main additive element is silver white, which is called white copper. The copper-nickel binary alloy is called ordinary white copper. The copper-nickel alloy with manganese, iron, zinc and aluminum is called complex white copper. Pure copper plus nickel can significantly improve strength, corrosion resistance, electrical resistance and pyroelectricity. Industrial copper is divided into two types: white copper for structure and white copper for electrician according to its performance characteristics and uses. It satisfies various corrosion resistance and special electrical and thermal properties.
Third, copper
Made of pure copper or copper alloy, various shapes including rods, wires, plates, strips, strips, tubes, foils, etc. are collectively referred to as copper. The processing of copper is rolled, extruded and drawn. The plates and strips in copper are hot rolled and cold rolled; the strips and foils are cold rolled; the tubes and bars are divided. For extrusion and drawing; the wire is drawn.
3. Aluminum and aluminum alloy
Aluminum is a light metal with low density (2.79/Cm ³ ). It has good strength and plasticity. Aluminum alloy has good strength. The strength of super-hard aluminum alloy can reach 600Mpa. The tensile strength of ordinary hard aluminum alloy also reaches 200-450Mpa, its specific steel is much higher than steel, so it is widely used in machinery manufacturing. Aluminum is second only to silver and copper and is used in the manufacture of various conductors. Aluminum has good thermal conductivity and can be used as a variety of heat dissipation materials. Aluminum also has good corrosion resistance and good plasticity, and is suitable for various pressure processing.
Aluminum alloy can be divided into deformed aluminum alloy and cast aluminum alloy according to the processing method. The deformed aluminum alloy is further divided into a non-heat treatable reinforced aluminum alloy and a heat treatable reinforced aluminum alloy. The non-heat-treated reinforced type cannot be improved by heat treatment to improve mechanical properties, and can only be strengthened by cold working deformation. It mainly includes high-purity aluminum, industrial high-purity aluminum, industrial pure aluminum, and rust-proof aluminum. The heat-treatable reinforced aluminum alloy can be improved in mechanical properties by heat treatment such as quenching and aging, and can be classified into hard aluminum, wrought aluminum, super-hard aluminum, and special aluminum alloy.
The aluminum alloy can be heat treated to obtain good mechanical properties, physical properties and corrosion resistance.
Cast aluminum alloy chemical composition of Al-Si alloy, aluminum-copper alloy, aluminum, magnesium alloy and aluminum-zinc alloy.
First, pure aluminum products
There are two types of pure aluminum smelting products and pressure processed products. The former is represented by chemical composition Al, and the latter is represented by Chinese Pinyin LG (aluminum, industrial).
Second, pressure processing aluminum alloy
Aluminum alloy pressure processing products are divided into seven categories: rustproof (LF), hard (LY), forged (LD), superhard (LC), coated (LB), special (LT) and brazed (LQ). The state of the commonly used aluminum alloy material is three types of annealing (M igniter), hardening (Y), and hot rolling (R).
Third, aluminum
Aluminum and aluminum alloys are processed into a shape of materials collectively referred to as aluminum, including plates, strips, foils, tubes, rods, wires, and the like.
Fourth, casting aluminum alloy
The cast aluminum alloy (ZL) is classified into four types according to the main elements other than aluminum in the composition, such as silicon, copper, magnesium and zinc, and the code numbers are 100, 200, 300, and 400, respectively.
Five, high strength aluminum alloy
High-strength aluminum alloy refers to an aluminum alloy whose tensile strength is greater than 480 MPa, mainly a hard aluminum alloy, a super-hard aluminum alloy and a cast alloy in a pressure-processed aluminum alloy.

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